Challenge
This article discusses an error that occurs due to VSS and Veeam's Guest Processing technique for Domain Controllers. It is relevant to all backup jobs for both virtual and physical Domain Controllers.
Solution
The actions listed in this section are to be performed within the OS of the DC that is having these issues.
Attempt each of the following troubleshooting angles individually, testing the job after each.
More Information
Isolating VSS issue using Windows Server Backup
As an isolation step, enable the Windows Server Backup feature within Server Manager. Then perform a full backup, including the system state.
If this fails with a similar VSS error, there is likely an OS-level issue that will require deeper investigation. Veeam Support will do its best to assist with investigating and will be available to work with you and Microsoft Support.